Sn 50

Tin (Sn)

post-transition-metal

Period: 5 Group: 14 Block: p

Solid

Standard Atomic Weight

Electron configuration

[Kr] 5s² 4d¹⁰ 5p²

Melting point

231.93 °C (505.08 K)

Boiling point

2601.85 °C (2875 K)

Density

7287 kg/m³

Oxidation states

−4, −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4

Electronegativity (Pauling)

1.96

Ionization energy (1st)

Discovery year

N/A

Atomic radius

145 pm

Details

Name origin Named after Etruscan god, Tinia; symbol from Latin: stannum (tin).

Discoverers Known to the ancients.

Tin is a post-transition metal in group 14, known for its low melting point, resistance to ordinary corrosion, and ability to form useful alloys and coatings. It occurs chiefly as cassiterite, a tin dioxide mineral, and has been worked since antiquity, especially in bronze. Chemically it is less reactive than many base metals but readily forms compounds in the +2 and +4 oxidation states, with organotin chemistry being especially important and sometimes hazardous.

Ordinary tin is composed of nine stable isotopes; 18 unstable isotopes are also known. Ordinary tin is a silver-white metal, is malleable, somewhat ductile, and has a highly crystalline structure. Due to the breaking of these crystals, a "tin cry" is heard when a bar is bent.

The name derives from the Anglo-Saxon tin of unknown origin. The symbol Sn is derived from Latin stannum for alloys containing lead. The element was known in prehistoric times.

Archaeological evidence suggests that people have been using tin for at least 5500 years. Tin is primarily obtained from the mineral cassiterite (SnO2) and is extracted by roasting cassiterite in a furnace with carbon. Tin makes up only about 0.001% of the earth's crust and is chiefly mined in Malaysia. Two allotropes of tin occur near room temperature. The first form of tin is called gray tin and is stable at temperatures below 13.2°C (55.76°F). There are few, if any, uses for gray tin. At temperatures above 13.2°C, gray tin slowly turns into tin's second form, white tin. White tin is the normal form of the metal and has many uses. Unfortunately, white tin will turn into gray tin if its temperature falls below 13.2°C. This change can be prevented if small amounts of antimony or bismuth are added to white tin.

The Latin word for tin is stannum. Known to the ancients.

Read about Tin on Wikipedia

Images

Properties

Physical

Atomic radius (empirical) 145 pm

Covalent radius 139 pm

Van der Waals radius 217 pm

Metallic radius 142 pm

Density

Molar volume 0.0163 L/mol

Phase at STP solid

Melting point 231.93 °C

Boiling point 2601.85 °C

Thermal conductivity 66.8 W/(m·K)

Specific heat capacity 0.227 J/(g·K)

Molar heat capacity 26.99 J/(mol·K)

Crystal structure tetragonal

Chemical

Electronegativity (Pauling) 1.96

Electronegativity (Allen) 1.824

Electron affinity

Ionization energy (1st)

Ionization energy (2nd)

Ionization energy (3rd)

Ionization energy (4th)

Ionization energy (5th)

Oxidation states −4, −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4

Valence electrons 4

Allotropes ["gray", "white"]

Electron configuration

Electron configuration (semantic)

Thermodynamic

Heat of fusion 0.07286107 eV

Heat of vaporization 3.067834 eV

Heat of sublimation 3.131057 eV

Heat of atomization 3.131057 eV

Atomization enthalpy

Nuclear

Stable isotopes 8

Abundance

Abundance (Earth's crust) 2.3 mg/kg

Abundance (ocean)

Reactivity

N/A

Crystal Structure

Lattice constant a 582 pm

Electronic Structure

Electrons per shell 2, 8, 18, 18, 4

Identifiers

CAS number 7440-31-5

Term symbol

InChI InChI=1S/Sn

InChI Key ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Electron Configuration Measured

Ion charge

Protons 50

Electrons 50

Charge Neutral

Configuration Sn: 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p²

[Kr] 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p²

1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p²

Orbital diagram

↑↓

2/2

↑↓

2/2

↑↓

6/6

↑↓

2/2

↑↓

6/6

↑↓

2/2

↑↓

10/10

↑↓

6/6

↑↓

2/2

↑↓

10/10

↑

2/6 2↑

Total electrons: 50 Unpaired: 2

Atomic model

Protons 50

Neutrons 70

Electrons 50

Mass number 120

Stability Stable

Isotopes change neutron count, mass, and stability — not the electron configuration of a neutral atom.

Schematic atomic model, not to scale.

Atomic Fingerprint

Emission / Absorption Spectrum

Emission Visible: 380–750 nm

Isotope Distribution

Mass number	Atomic mass (u)	Natural abundance	Half-life
112 Stable	111.90482387 ± 0.00000061	0.9700%	Stable
114 Stable	113.9027827 ± 0.000001	0.6600%	Stable
115 Stable	114.903344699 ± 0.000000016	0.3400%	Stable
116 Stable	115.9017428 ± 0.0000001	14.5400%	Stable
117 Stable	116.90295398 ± 0.00000052	7.6800%	Stable
118 Stable	117.90160657 ± 0.00000054	24.2200%	Stable
119 Stable	118.90331117 ± 0.00000078	8.5900%	Stable
120 Stable	119.90220163 ± 0.00000097	32.5800%	Stable

Measured

Phase / State

Solid 25 °C (298.15 K)

Reason: 206.9 °C below melting point (231.93 °C)

Melting point 231.93 °C

Boiling point 2601.85 °C

Below melting by 206.9 °C

0 K Current temperature: 25 °C 6000 K

Phase timeline

Schematic, not to scale

Solid

Liquid

Gas

Melting

Boiling

25°C

Solid

Liquid

Gas

Current

Phase transition points

Melting point Literature

231.93 °C

Boiling point Literature

2601.85 °C

Current phase Calculated
Solid

Transition energies

Heat of fusion Literature

0.07286107 eV

Energy required to melt 1 mol at melting point

Heat of vaporization Literature

3.067834 eV

Energy required to vaporize 1 mol at boiling point

Heat of sublimation Literature

3.131057 eV

Energy required to sublime 1 mol at sublimation point

Density

Reference density Literature

7287 kg/m³

At standard conditions

Current density Calculated

7287 kg/m³

At standard conditions

Atomic Spectra

Showing 10 of 50 Atomic Spectra. Sorted by ion charge (ascending).

Lines Holdings ?

Ion	Charge	Total lines	Transition probabilities	Level designations
Sn I	0	227	55	226
Sn II	+1	215	141	215
Sn III	+2	259	0	259
Sn IV	+3	18	0	0
Sn V	+4	13	0	0

NIST Lines Holdings →

Levels Holdings ?

Ion	Charge	Levels
Sn I	0	228
Sn II	+1	77
Sn III	+2	86
Sn IV	+3	24
Sn V	+4	26
Sn VI	+5	37
Sn VII	+6	2
Sn VIII	+7	2
Sn IX	+8	2
Sn X	+9	2

NIST Levels Holdings →

50 Sn 118.71

Tin — Atomic Orbital Visualizer

[Kr]5s24d105p2

Energy levels 2 8 18 18 4

Oxidation states -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4

HOMO 5p n=5 · l=1 · m=-1

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50 Sn 118.71

Tin — Crystal Structure Visualizer

Crystal structure data not available

Crystal structure: tetragonal

Ionic Radii

Charge	Coordination	Spin	Radius
+4	4	N/A	55.00000000000001 pm
+4	5	N/A	62 pm
+4	6	N/A	69 pm
+4	7	N/A	75 pm
+4	8	N/A	81 pm

Compounds

118.710 u

Sn+4

118.710 u

Sn+2

118.710 u

112.905 u

125.908 u

116.903 u

118.903 u

109.908 u

120.904 u

122.906 u

117.902 u

113.903 u

111.905 u

126.910 u

110.908 u

127.910 u

114.903 u

119.902 u

124.908 u

115.902 u

121.903 u

Sn+4

116.903 u

Sn+4

124.908 u

123.905 u

Isotopes (9)

Mass number	Atomic mass (u)	Natural abundance	Half-life	Decay mode
112 Stable	111.90482387 ± 0.00000061	0.9700% ± 0.0100%	Stable	stable
114 Stable	113.9027827 ± 0.000001	0.6600% ± 0.0100%	Stable	stable
115 Stable	114.903344699 ± 0.000000016	0.3400% ± 0.0100%	Stable	stable
116 Stable	115.9017428 ± 0.0000001	14.5400% ± 0.0900%	Stable	stable
117 Stable	116.90295398 ± 0.00000052	7.6800% ± 0.0700%	Stable	stable
118 Stable	117.90160657 ± 0.00000054	24.2200% ± 0.0900%	Stable	stable
119 Stable	118.90331117 ± 0.00000078	8.5900% ± 0.0400%	Stable	stable
120 Stable	119.90220163 ± 0.00000097	32.5800% ± 0.0900%	Stable	stable
122 Stable	121.9034438 ± 0.0000026	4.6300% ± 0.0300%	Stable	stable

112 Stable

Atomic mass (u) 111.90482387 ± 0.00000061

Natural abundance 0.9700% ± 0.0100%

Half-life Stable

Decay mode

stable

114 Stable

Atomic mass (u) 113.9027827 ± 0.000001

Natural abundance 0.6600% ± 0.0100%

Half-life Stable

Decay mode

stable

115 Stable

Atomic mass (u) 114.903344699 ± 0.000000016

Natural abundance 0.3400% ± 0.0100%

Half-life Stable

Decay mode

stable

116 Stable

Atomic mass (u) 115.9017428 ± 0.0000001

Natural abundance 14.5400% ± 0.0900%

Half-life Stable

Decay mode

stable

117 Stable

Atomic mass (u) 116.90295398 ± 0.00000052

Natural abundance 7.6800% ± 0.0700%

Half-life Stable

Decay mode

stable

118 Stable

Atomic mass (u) 117.90160657 ± 0.00000054

Natural abundance 24.2200% ± 0.0900%

Half-life Stable

Decay mode

stable

119 Stable

Atomic mass (u) 118.90331117 ± 0.00000078

Natural abundance 8.5900% ± 0.0400%

Half-life Stable

Decay mode

stable

120 Stable

Atomic mass (u) 119.90220163 ± 0.00000097

Natural abundance 32.5800% ± 0.0900%

Half-life Stable

Decay mode

stable

122 Stable

Atomic mass (u) 121.9034438 ± 0.0000026

Natural abundance 4.6300% ± 0.0300%

Half-life Stable

Decay mode

stable

Spectral Lines

Showing 50 of 96 Spectral Lines. Only spectral lines with measured intensity are shown by default.

Wavelength (nm)	Intensity	Ion stage	Type	Transition	Accuracy	Source
556.19094 nm	2700	Sn II	emission	5s2.6p 2P* → 5s2.6d 2D	Measured	NIST
579.88578 nm	2700	Sn II	emission	5s2.5d 2D → 5s2.4f 2F*	Measured	NIST
558.88153 nm	2600	Sn II	emission	5s2.5d 2D → 5s2.4f 2F*	Measured	NIST
645.35421 nm	2500	Sn II	emission	5s2.6s 2S → 5s2.6p 2P*	Measured	NIST
452.47334 nm	2200	Sn I	emission	5s2.5p2 1S → 5s2.5p.6s 1P*	Measured	NIST
533.23391 nm	1600	Sn II	emission	5s2.6p 2P* → 5s2.6d 2D	Measured	NIST
607.97742 nm	1400	Sn II	emission	5s2.4f 2F* → 5s2.6g 2G	Measured	NIST
684.41863 nm	1300	Sn II	emission	5s2.6s 2S → 5s2.6p 2P*	Measured	NIST
719.07778 nm	1100	Sn II	emission	5s2.6p 2P* → 5s2.7s 2S	Measured	NIST
666.11 nm	1000	Sn II	emission	5s2.6d 2D → 5s2.6f 2F*	Measured	NIST
676.08103 nm	840	Sn II	emission	5s2.6p 2P* → 5s2.7s 2S	Measured	NIST
656.851 nm	830	Sn II	emission	5s2.9d 2D → 5s.5p.(3P).5d 4P	Measured	NIST
642.908 nm	760	Sn II	emission	5s2.8s 2S → 5s.5p.(3P).6s 2P	Measured	NIST
723.005 nm	670	Sn II	emission	5s2.7p 2P* → 5s2.8d 2D	Measured	NIST
690.47 nm	538	Sn III	emission	4d10.5s.6d 3D → 4d10.5s.5f 3F*	Measured	NIST
731.417 nm	500	Sn II	emission	5s2.7d 2D → 5s.5p.(3P).6s 2P	Measured	NIST
579.69075 nm	490	Sn II	emission	5s2.5d 2D → 5s2.4f 2F*	Measured	NIST
707.93 nm	485	Sn III	emission	4d10.5s.6d 3D → 4d10.5s.5f 3F*	Measured	NIST
738.71637 nm	480	Sn II	emission	5s.5p2 2D → 5s2.6p 2P*	Measured	NIST
529.083 nm	448	Sn III	emission	4d10.5s.5d 3D → 4d10.5s.6p 3P*	Measured	NIST
384.13749 nm	440	Sn II	emission	5s2.6p 2P* → 5s2.8s 2S	Measured	NIST
536.929 nm	421	Sn III	emission	4d10.5s.5d 3D → 4d10.5s.6p 3P*	Measured	NIST
601.34 nm	419	Sn III	emission	4d10.5s.6s 1S → 4d10.5s.6p 3P*	Measured	NIST
624.113 nm	380	Sn II	emission	5s2.6d 2D → 5s2.9p 2P*	Measured	NIST
740.827 nm	380	Sn II	emission	5s2.7p 2P* → 5s2.8d 2D	Measured	NIST
719.9 nm	373	Sn III	emission	4d10.5s.7p 3P* → 4d10.5s.7d 1D	Measured	NIST
507.26 nm	360	Sn II	emission	5s2.4f 2F* → 5s2.7g 2G	Measured	NIST
429.433 nm	340	Sn II	emission	5s2.4f 2F* → 5s2.9g 2G	Measured	NIST
433.013 nm	309	Sn III	emission	4d10.5s.6s 3S → 4d10.5s.6p 1P*	Measured	NIST
502.038 nm	302	Sn III	emission	4d10.5s.5d 3D → 4d10.5s.6p 3P*	Measured	NIST
534.881 nm	271	Sn III	emission	4d10.5s.5d 3D → 4d10.5s.6p 3P*	Measured	NIST
563.16738 nm	270	Sn I	emission	5s2.5p2 1S → 5s2.5p.6s 3P*	Measured	NIST
467.046 nm	241	Sn III	emission	4d10.5s.5d 3D → 4d10.5s.6p 1P*	Measured	NIST
396.169 nm	231	Sn III	emission	4d10.5s.6p 3P* → 4d10.5s.7s 3S	Measured	NIST
522.464 nm	225	Sn III	emission	4d10.5s.6s 1S → 4d10.5s.6p 1P*	Measured	NIST
411.13 nm	180	Sn II	emission	5s2.4f 2F* → 5s2.10g 2G	Measured	NIST
390.698 nm	170	Sn III	emission	4d10.5s.5d 1D → 4d10.4f.5s 1F*	Measured	NIST
471.558 nm	164	Sn III	emission	4d10.5s.5d 3D → 4d10.5s.6p 1P*	Measured	NIST
494.42561 nm	150	Sn II	emission	5s2.5d 2D → 5s2.7p 2P*	Measured	NIST
510.022 nm	145	Sn III	emission	4d10.5s.5d 3D → 4d10.5s.6p 3P*	Measured	NIST
458.025 nm	140	Sn II	emission	5s2.4f 2F* → 5s2.8g 2G	Measured	NIST
614.96038 nm	140	Sn I	emission	5s2.5p.6s 3P* → 5s2.5p.7p 3D	Measured	NIST
492.435 nm	131	Sn III	emission	4d10.5s.6s 3S → 4d10.5s.6p 3P*	Measured	NIST
457.432 nm	120	Sn II	emission	5s2.4f 2F* → 5s2.10d 2D	Measured	NIST
487.7209 nm	100	Sn II	emission	5s2.5d 2D → 5s2.7p 2P*	Measured	NIST
606.91169 nm	95	Sn I	emission	5s2.5p.6s 3P* → 5s2.5p.7p 3P	Measured	NIST
457.553 nm	91	Sn II	emission	5s2.4f 2F* → 5s2.10d 2D	Measured	NIST
461.82363 nm	90	Sn II	emission	5s.5p2 4P → 5s2.6p 2P*	Measured	NIST
485.827 nm	89	Sn III	emission	4d10.5s.6s 3S → 4d10.5s.6p 3P*	Measured	NIST
491.78 nm	83	Sn II	emission	5s2.7p 2P* → 5s2.11d 2D	Measured	NIST

Extended Properties

Covalent Radii (Extended)

Covalent radius (Pyykkö)

Covalent radius (Pyykkö, double)

Covalent radius (Pyykkö, triple)

Covalent radius (Bragg)

Van der Waals Radii

Bondi

Batsanov

Alvarez

UFF

MM3

Dreiding

Atomic & Metallic Radii

Atomic radius (Rahm)

Metallic radius (C12)

Numbering Scales

Mendeleev

Pettifor

Glawe

Electronegativity Scales

Ghosh

Miedema

Gunnarsson–Lundqvist

Robles–Bartolotti

Polarizability & Dispersion

Dipole polarizability

Dipole polarizability (unc.)

C₆

C₆ (Gould–Bučko)

Miedema Parameters

Miedema molar volume

Miedema electron density

Supply Risk & Economics

Production concentration

Relative supply risk

Reserve distribution

Political stability (top producer)

Political stability (top reserve)

Phase Transitions & Allotropes

gray

Transition temperature	286.35 K
Boiling point	2859.15 K

white

Melting point	505.08 K
Boiling point	2859.15 K

Oxidation State Categories

−4 main

+2 main

−2 extended

−1 extended

0 extended

+3 extended

−3 extended

+4 main

+1 extended

Advanced Reference Data

Screening Constants (11)

n	Orbital	σ
1	s	1.008
2	p	4.1146
2	s	13.1406
3	d	14.2583
3	p	17.6468
3	s	17.5802
4	d	32.03
4	p	28.7348
4	s	27.342
5	p	40.898

Crystal Radii Detail (5)

Charge	CN	r_crystal (pm)	Origin
4	IV	69	from r^3 vs V plots,
4	V	76	calculated,
4	VI	83	from r^3 vs V plots,
4	VII	89
4	VIII	95	calculated,

Isotope Decay Modes (54)

Isotope	Mode	Intensity
99	B+	100%
99	B+p	5%
100	B+	100%
100	B+p	17%
101	B+	100%
101	B+p	21%
102	B+	100%
103	B+	100%
103	B+p	1.2%
104	B+	100%

X‑ray Scattering Factors (510)

Energy (eV)	f₁	f₂
10	—	3.97344
10.1617	—	3.94095
10.3261	—	3.90871
10.4931	—	3.87675
10.6628	—	3.84504
10.8353	—	3.81359
11.0106	—	3.7824
11.1886	—	3.75146
11.3696	—	3.72078
11.5535	—	3.64688

Additional Data

Estimated Crustal Abundance

The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.

2.3 milligrams per kilogram

References (1)

[5] Tin https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele050.html

Estimated Oceanic Abundance

The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.

4×10-6 milligrams per liter

References (1)

[5] Tin https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele050.html

Sources

Sources of this element.

Tin is found chiefly in cassiterite (SnO2). Most of the world's supply comes from Malaya, Bolivia, Indonesia, Zaire, Thailand, and Nigeria. The U.S. produces almost none, although occurrences have been found in Alaska and California. Tin is obtained by reducing the ore with coal in a reverberatory furnace.

References (1)

[6] Tin https://periodic.lanl.gov/50.shtml

References

(9)

1 PubChem

Data deposited in or computed by PubChem

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2 Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.

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3 IUPAC Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW)

Tin

Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.

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4 IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements and Isotopes (IPTEI)

The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.

Visit source License

License note: Copyright (c) 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) contribution within Pubchem is provided under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license, unless otherwise stated.

5 Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy

Tin

Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/

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License note: Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html

6 Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy

Tin

The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.

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7 NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory

Tin

The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database

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8 PubChem Elements

Tin

This section provides all form of data related to element Tin.

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9 PubChem Elements

Tin

The element property data was retrieved from publications.

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Last updated: May 1, 2026

Data verified: May 12, 2026

Content is reviewed against latest scientific data.