Be 4

Beryllium (Be)

alkaline-earth-metal

Period: 2 Group: 2 Block: s

Solid

Standard Atomic Weight

Electron configuration

[He] 2s²

Melting point

1286.85 °C (1560 K)

Boiling point

2470.85 °C (2744 K)

Density

1850 kg/m³

Oxidation states

0, +1, +2

Electronegativity (Pauling)

1.57

Ionization energy (1st)

Discovery year

1797

Atomic radius

105 pm

Details

Name origin Greek: beryllos, "beryl" (a mineral).

Discovery country Germany/France

Discoverers Fredrich Wöhler, A.A.Bussy

Beryllium is a light alkaline earth metal with unusually high stiffness, low density, and a high melting point for its mass. Its chemistry is dominated by the +2 oxidation state, but the small Be²⁺ ion gives many compounds pronounced covalent character. The element is rare in accessible ores, chiefly obtained from beryl and bertrandite, and is technologically important where low mass, dimensional stability, and transparency to X-rays are valuable.

The metal, steel gray in color, has many desirable properties. As one of the lightest of all metals, it has one of the highest melting points of the light metals. Its modulus of elasticity is about one third greater than that of steel. It resists attack by concentrated nitric acid, has excellent thermal conductivity, and is nonmagnetic. It has a high permeability to X-rays and when bombarded by alpha particles, as from radium or polonium, neutrons are produced in the amount of about 30 neutrons/million alpha particles.

At ordinary temperatures, beryllium resists oxidation in air, although its ability to scratch glass is probably due to the formation of a thin layer of the oxide.

The name derives from the Greek word beryllos for "beryl", a gemstone in which it is found (3BeO×Al2O3×6SiO2).

Beryllium was discovered by the French chemist and pharmacist Nicholas-Louis Vauquelin in beryl and emerald in 1797. The element was first separated in 1828 by the French chemist Antoine-Alexandre-Brutus Bussy and independently by the German chemist Friedrich Wöhler. Because the salts of beryllium have a sweet taste, the element was also known as glucinium from the Greek glykys for "sweet", until IUPAC selected the name beryllium in 1949.

Although emeralds and beryl were known to ancient civilizations, they were first recognized as the same mineral (Be3Al2(SiO3)6) by Abbé Haüy in 1798. Later that year, Louis-Nicholas Vauquelin, a French chemist, discovered that an unknown element was present in emeralds and beryl. Attempts to isolate the new element finally succeeded in 1828 when two chemists, Friedrich Wölhler of Germany and A. Bussy of France, independently produced beryllium by reducing beryllium chloride (BeCl2) with potassium in a platinum crucible. Today, beryllium is primarily obtained from the minerals beryl (Be3Al2(SiO3)6) and bertrandite (4BeO·2SiO2·H2O) through a chemical process or through the electrolysis of a mixture of molten beryllium chloride (BeCl2) and sodium chloride (NaCl).

From the Greek word beryllos, beryl; also called glucinium or glucinum, Greek glykys, sweet. Discovered in the oxide form by Vauquelin in both beryl and emeralds in 1798. The metal was isolated in 1828 by Wohler and by Bussy independently by the action of potassium on beryllium chloride.

Read about Beryllium on Wikipedia

Images

Properties

Physical

Atomic radius (empirical) 105 pm

Covalent radius 96 pm

Van der Waals radius 153 pm

Metallic radius 89 pm

Density

Molar volume 0.005 L/mol

Phase at STP solid

Melting point 1286.85 °C

Boiling point 2470.85 °C

Thermal conductivity 201 W/(m·K)

Specific heat capacity 1.825 J/(g·K)

Molar heat capacity 16.443 J/(mol·K)

Crystal structure hcp

Chemical

Electronegativity (Pauling) 1.57

Electronegativity (Allen) 1.576

Electron affinity

Ionization energy (1st)

Ionization energy (2nd)

Ionization energy (3rd)

Ionization energy (4th)

Oxidation states 0, +1, +2

Valence electrons 2

Electron configuration

Electron configuration (semantic)

Thermodynamic

Critical point (temperature) 4932 °C

Heat of fusion 0.12644453 eV

Heat of vaporization 3.078199 eV

Heat of sublimation 3.358035 eV

Heat of atomization 3.358035 eV

Atomization enthalpy

Nuclear

Stable isotopes 1

Discovery year 1797

Abundance

Abundance (Earth's crust) 2.8 mg/kg

Abundance (ocean)

Reactivity

N/A

Crystal Structure

Lattice constant a 229 pm

Electronic Structure

Electrons per shell 2, 2

Identifiers

CAS number 7440-41-7

Term symbol

InChI InChI=1S/Be

InChI Key ATBAMAFKBVZNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Electron Configuration Measured

Ion charge

Protons 4

Electrons 4

Charge Neutral

Configuration Be: 2s²

[He] 2s²

1s² 2s²

Orbital diagram

↑↓

2/2

↑↓

2/2

Total electrons: 4 Unpaired: 0

Atomic model

Protons 4

Neutrons 5

Electrons 4

Mass number 9

Stability Stable

Isotopes change neutron count, mass, and stability — not the electron configuration of a neutral atom.

Schematic atomic model, not to scale.

Atomic Fingerprint

Emission / Absorption Spectrum

Emission Visible: 380–750 nm

Isotope Distribution

Mass number	Atomic mass (u)	Natural abundance	Half-life
9 Stable	9.012183065 ± 0.000000082	100.0000%	Stable

Measured

Phase / State

Solid 25 °C (298.15 K)

Reason: 1261.8 °C below melting point (1286.85 °C)

Melting point 1286.85 °C

Boiling point 2470.85 °C

Below melting by 1261.8 °C

0 K Current temperature: 25 °C 6000 K

Phase timeline

Schematic, not to scale

Solid

Liquid

Gas

Melting

Boiling

25°C

Solid

Liquid

Gas

Current

Phase transition points

Melting point Literature

1286.85 °C

Boiling point Literature

2470.85 °C

Current phase Calculated
Solid

Transition energies

Heat of fusion Literature

0.12644453 eV

Energy required to melt 1 mol at melting point

Heat of vaporization Literature

3.078199 eV

Energy required to vaporize 1 mol at boiling point

Heat of sublimation Literature

3.358035 eV

Energy required to sublime 1 mol at sublimation point

Density

Reference density Literature

1850 kg/m³

At standard conditions

Current density Calculated

1850 kg/m³

At standard conditions

Advanced

Critical point Literature

4932 °C

Atomic Spectra

Lines Holdings ?

Ion	Charge	Total lines	Transition probabilities	Level designations
Be I	0	581	394	581
Be II	+1	681	149	681
Be III	+2	323	302	316
Be IV	+3	142	142	142

NIST Lines Holdings →

Levels Holdings ?

Ion	Charge	Levels
Be I	0	219
Be II	+1	258
Be III	+2	167
Be IV	+3	149

NIST Levels Holdings →

4 Be 9.0121831

Beryllium — Atomic Orbital Visualizer

[He]2s2

Energy levels 2 2

Oxidation states 0, +1, +2

HOMO 2s n=2 · l=0 · m=0

Beryllium — Atomic Orbital Visualizer Preview

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4 Be 9.0121831

Beryllium — Crystal Structure Visualizer

Primitive Hexagonal · Pearson hP2

Experimental

Pearson hP2

Coord. № 12

Packing 74.048%

Beryllium — Crystal Structure Visualizer Preview

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Ionic Radii

Charge	Coordination	Spin	Radius
+2	3	N/A	16 pm
+2	4	N/A	27 pm
+2	6	N/A	45 pm

Compounds

9.012 u

Be+2

9.012 u

7.017 u

10.014 u

9.012 u

Isotopes (1)

	Mass number	Atomic mass (u)	Natural abundance	Half-life	Decay mode
	9 Stable	9.012183065 ± 0.000000082	100.0000%	Stable	stable

9 Stable

Atomic mass (u) 9.012183065 ± 0.000000082

Natural abundance 100.0000%

Half-life Stable

Decay mode

stable

Spectral Lines

Wavelength (nm)	Intensity	Ion stage	Type	Transition	Accuracy	Source
381.3453 nm	22	Be I	emission	1s2.2s.2p 1P* → 1s2.2s.4d 1D	Measured	NIST
385.17 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s.2p.3p 4D → 1s.2p.4s 4P*	Measured	NIST
385.17 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s.2p.3p 4D → 1s.2p.4s 4P*	Measured	NIST
385.17 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s.2p.3p 4D → 1s.2p.4s 4P*	Measured	NIST
385.17 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s.2p.3p 4D → 1s.2p.4s 4P*	Measured	NIST
385.17 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s.2p.3p 4D → 1s.2p.4s 4P*	Measured	NIST
385.17 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s.2p.3p 4D → 1s.2p.4s 4P*	Measured	NIST
385.17 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s.2p.3p 4D → 1s.2p.4s 4P*	Measured	NIST
385.17 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s.2p.3p 4D → 1s.2p.4s 4P*	Measured	NIST
386.513 nm	3	Be I	emission	1s2.2p2 3P → 1s2.2p.3s 3P*	Measured	NIST
386.5427 nm	5	Be I	emission	1s2.2p2 3P → 1s2.2p.3s 3P*	Measured	NIST
386.5517 nm	1	Be I	emission	1s2.2p2 3P → 1s2.2p.3s 3P*	Measured	NIST
386.5725 nm	2	Be I	emission	1s2.2p2 3P → 1s2.2p.3s 3P*	Measured	NIST
386.6022 nm	N/A	Be I	emission	1s2.2p2 3P → 1s2.2p.3s 3P*	Measured	NIST
386.6037 nm	N/A	Be I	emission	1s2.2p2 3P → 1s2.2p.3s 3P*	Measured	NIST
388.143 nm	N/A	Be III	emission	1s.4s 3S → 1s.5p 3P*	Measured	NIST
388.143 nm	N/A	Be III	emission	1s.4s 3S → 1s.5p 3P*	Measured	NIST
388.143 nm	N/A	Be III	emission	1s.4s 3S → 1s.5p 3P*	Measured	NIST
399.55 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s.2p.(3P).3d 2D → 1s.2p.(3P*).4f 2F	Measured	NIST
399.55 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s.2p.(3P).3d 2D → 1s.2p.(3P*).4f 2F	Measured	NIST
399.55 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s.2p.(3P).3d 2D → 1s.2p.(3P*).4f 2F	Measured	NIST
403.93 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s.2p.3d 4F* → 1s.2p.4f 4D	Measured	NIST
403.93 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s.2p.3d 4F* → 1s.2p.4f 4D	Measured	NIST
403.93 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s.2p.3d 4F* → 1s.2p.4f 4D	Measured	NIST
403.93 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s.2p.3d 4F* → 1s.2p.4f 4D	Measured	NIST
403.93 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s.2p.3d 4F* → 1s.2p.4f 4D	Measured	NIST
403.93 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s.2p.3d 4F* → 1s.2p.4f 4D	Measured	NIST
403.93 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s.2p.3d 4F* → 1s.2p.4f 4D	Measured	NIST
403.93 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s.2p.3d 4F* → 1s.2p.4f 4D	Measured	NIST
403.93 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s.2p.3d 4F* → 1s.2p.4f 4D	Measured	NIST
416.63 nm	N/A	Be III	emission	1s.4s 1S → 1s.5p 1P*	Measured	NIST
419.97 nm	N/A	Be III	emission	1s.4s 1S → 1s.5d 1D	Measured	NIST
424.41 nm	N/A	Be III	emission	1s.4p 3P* → 1s.5d 1D	Measured	NIST
424.41 nm	N/A	Be III	emission	1s.4p 3P* → 1s.5d 1D	Measured	NIST
424.906 nm	N/A	Be III	emission	1s.4p 3P* → 1s.5d 3D	Measured	NIST
424.906 nm	N/A	Be III	emission	1s.4p 3P* → 1s.5d 3D	Measured	NIST
424.906 nm	N/A	Be III	emission	1s.4p 3P* → 1s.5d 3D	Measured	NIST
424.906 nm	N/A	Be III	emission	1s.4p 3P* → 1s.5d 3D	Measured	NIST
424.906 nm	N/A	Be III	emission	1s.4p 3P* → 1s.5d 3D	Measured	NIST
424.906 nm	N/A	Be III	emission	1s.4p 3P* → 1s.5d 3D	Measured	NIST
425.2 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s.2s.3p 4P* → 1s.2s.4s 4S	Measured	NIST
425.2 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s.2s.3p 4P* → 1s.2s.4s 4S	Measured	NIST
425.2 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s.2s.3p 4P* → 1s.2s.4s 4S	Measured	NIST
425.2987 nm	N/A	Be I	emission	1s2.2s.3d 3D → 1s2.2p.3s 3P*	Measured	NIST
425.2987 nm	N/A	Be I	emission	1s2.2s.3d 3D → 1s2.2p.3s 3P*	Measured	NIST
425.2987 nm	N/A	Be I	emission	1s2.2s.3d 3D → 1s2.2p.3s 3P*	Measured	NIST
425.3707 nm	N/A	Be I	emission	1s2.2s.3d 3D → 1s2.2p.3s 3P*	Measured	NIST
425.3707 nm	N/A	Be I	emission	1s2.2s.3d 3D → 1s2.2p.3s 3P*	Measured	NIST
425.4085 nm	N/A	Be I	emission	1s2.2s.3d 3D → 1s2.2p.3s 3P*	Measured	NIST
432.953 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s.2s.3d 4D → 1s.2s.4f 4F*	Measured	NIST
432.953 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s.2s.3d 4D → 1s.2s.4f 4F*	Measured	NIST
432.953 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s.2s.3d 4D → 1s.2s.4f 4F*	Measured	NIST
432.953 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s.2s.3d 4D → 1s.2s.4f 4F*	Measured	NIST
432.953 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s.2s.3d 4D → 1s.2s.4f 4F*	Measured	NIST
432.953 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s.2s.3d 4D → 1s.2s.4f 4F*	Measured	NIST
432.953 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s.2s.3d 4D → 1s.2s.4f 4F*	Measured	NIST
432.953 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s.2s.3d 4D → 1s.2s.4f 4F*	Measured	NIST
432.953 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s.2s.3d 4D → 1s.2s.4f 4F*	Measured	NIST
433.302 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s2.4d 2D → 1s2.10f 2F*	Measured	NIST
433.306 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s2.4d 2D → 1s2.10f 2F*	Measured	NIST
433.306 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s2.4d 2D → 1s2.10f 2F*	Measured	NIST
436.0665 nm	810	Be II	emission	1s2.3p 2P* → 1s2.4d 2D	Measured	NIST
436.0986 nm	960	Be II	emission	1s2.3p 2P* → 1s2.4d 2D	Measured	NIST
436.1032 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s2.3p 2P* → 1s2.4d 2D	Measured	NIST
437.112 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s.2p.3d 4D* → 1s.2p.4f 4F	Measured	NIST
437.112 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s.2p.3d 4D* → 1s.2p.4f 4F	Measured	NIST
437.112 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s.2p.3d 4D* → 1s.2p.4f 4F	Measured	NIST
437.112 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s.2p.3d 4D* → 1s.2p.4f 4F	Measured	NIST
437.112 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s.2p.3d 4D* → 1s.2p.4f 4F	Measured	NIST
437.112 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s.2p.3d 4D* → 1s.2p.4f 4F	Measured	NIST
437.112 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s.2p.3d 4D* → 1s.2p.4f 4F	Measured	NIST
437.112 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s.2p.3d 4D* → 1s.2p.4f 4F	Measured	NIST
437.112 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s.2p.3d 4D* → 1s.2p.4f 4F	Measured	NIST
440.393 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s2.4p 2P* → 1s2.9d 2D	Measured	NIST
440.408 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s2.4p 2P* → 1s2.9d 2D	Measured	NIST
440.408 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s2.4p 2P* → 1s2.9d 2D	Measured	NIST
440.7936 nm	19	Be I	emission	1s2.2s.2p 1P* → 1s2.2s.4s 1S	Measured	NIST
445.828 nm	N/A	Be III	emission	1s.4d 1D → 1s.5p 1P*	Measured	NIST
446.786 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s2.4p 2P* → 1s2.9s 2S	Measured	NIST
446.802 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s2.4p 2P* → 1s2.9s 2S	Measured	NIST
447.669 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s2.4s 2S → 1s2.7p 2P*	Measured	NIST
447.672 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s2.4s 2S → 1s2.7p 2P*	Measured	NIST
448.651 nm	N/A	Be III	emission	1s.4d 3D → 1s.5f 1F*	Measured	NIST
448.651 nm	N/A	Be III	emission	1s.4d 3D → 1s.5f 1F*	Measured	NIST
448.651 nm	N/A	Be III	emission	1s.4d 3D → 1s.5f 3F*	Measured	NIST
448.651 nm	N/A	Be III	emission	1s.4d 3D → 1s.5f 3F*	Measured	NIST
448.651 nm	N/A	Be III	emission	1s.4d 3D → 1s.5f 3F*	Measured	NIST
448.651 nm	N/A	Be III	emission	1s.4d 3D → 1s.5f 3F*	Measured	NIST
448.651 nm	N/A	Be III	emission	1s.4d 3D → 1s.5f 3F*	Measured	NIST
448.651 nm	N/A	Be III	emission	1s.4d 3D → 1s.5f 3F*	Measured	NIST
449.54 nm	N/A	Be III	emission	1s.4d 1D → 1s.5f 1F*	Measured	NIST
449.54 nm	N/A	Be III	emission	1s.4d 1D → 1s.5f 3F*	Measured	NIST
449.54 nm	N/A	Be III	emission	1s.4d 1D → 1s.5f 3F*	Measured	NIST
449.96 nm	N/A	Be III	emission	1s.4f 1F* → 1s.5d 1D	Measured	NIST
449.96 nm	N/A	Be III	emission	1s.4f 3F* → 1s.5d 1D	Measured	NIST
450.511 nm	N/A	Be III	emission	1s.4f 1F* → 1s.5d 3D	Measured	NIST
450.511 nm	N/A	Be III	emission	1s.4f 1F* → 1s.5d 3D	Measured	NIST
450.511 nm	N/A	Be III	emission	1s.4f 3F* → 1s.5d 3D	Measured	NIST
450.511 nm	N/A	Be III	emission	1s.4f 3F* → 1s.5d 3D	Measured	NIST
450.511 nm	N/A	Be III	emission	1s.4f 3F* → 1s.5d 3D	Measured	NIST
450.511 nm	N/A	Be III	emission	1s.4f 3F* → 1s.5d 3D	Measured	NIST
450.511 nm	N/A	Be III	emission	1s.4f 3F* → 1s.5d 3D	Measured	NIST
450.511 nm	N/A	Be III	emission	1s.4f 3F* → 1s.5d 3D	Measured	NIST
452.6406 nm	7	Be I	emission	1s2.2s.4p 1P* → 1s2.2p.3p 1P	Measured	NIST
453.543 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s2.4d 2D → 1s2.9f 2F*	Measured	NIST
453.548 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s2.4d 2D → 1s2.9f 2F*	Measured	NIST
453.548 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s2.4d 2D → 1s2.9f 2F*	Measured	NIST
453.58 nm	N/A	Be III	emission	1s.4p 1P* → 1s.5p 1P*	Measured	NIST
454.06 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s2.4f 2F* → 1s2.9g 2G	Measured	NIST
454.062 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s2.4f 2F* → 1s2.9g 2G	Measured	NIST
454.062 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s2.4f 2F* → 1s2.9g 2G	Measured	NIST
454.788 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s2.4d 2D → 1s2.9p 2P*	Measured	NIST
454.789 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s2.4d 2D → 1s2.9p 2P*	Measured	NIST
454.793 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s2.4d 2D → 1s2.9p 2P*	Measured	NIST
454.8055 nm	N/A	Be I	emission	1s2.2s2 1S → 1s2.2s.2p 3P*	Measured	NIST
454.85379 nm	N/A	Be I	emission	1s2.2s2 1S → 1s2.2s.2p 3P*	Measured	NIST
457.266603 nm	30	Be I	emission	1s2.2s.2p 1P* → 1s2.2s.3d 1D	Measured	NIST
457.55 nm	N/A	Be III	emission	1s.4p 1P* → 1s.5d 1D	Measured	NIST
458.12 nm	N/A	Be III	emission	1s.4p 1P* → 1s.5d 3D	Measured	NIST
459.61 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s.2s.3d 4D → 1s.2s.4p 4P*	Measured	NIST
459.61 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s.2s.3d 4D → 1s.2s.4p 4P*	Measured	NIST
459.61 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s.2s.3d 4D → 1s.2s.4p 4P*	Measured	NIST
459.61 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s.2s.3d 4D → 1s.2s.4p 4P*	Measured	NIST
459.61 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s.2s.3d 4D → 1s.2s.4p 4P*	Measured	NIST
459.61 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s.2s.3d 4D → 1s.2s.4p 4P*	Measured	NIST
459.61 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s.2s.3d 4D → 1s.2s.4p 4P*	Measured	NIST
459.61 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s.2s.3d 4D → 1s.2s.4p 4P*	Measured	NIST
461.05 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s.2p.3p 4P → 1s.2p.4s 4P*	Measured	NIST
461.05 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s.2p.3p 4P → 1s.2p.4s 4P*	Measured	NIST
461.05 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s.2p.3p 4P → 1s.2p.4s 4P*	Measured	NIST
461.05 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s.2p.3p 4P → 1s.2p.4s 4P*	Measured	NIST
461.05 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s.2p.3p 4P → 1s.2p.4s 4P*	Measured	NIST
461.05 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s.2p.3p 4P → 1s.2p.4s 4P*	Measured	NIST
461.05 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s.2p.3p 4P → 1s.2p.4s 4P*	Measured	NIST
462.827 nm	N/A	Be III	emission	1s.4d 3D → 1s.5p 3P*	Measured	NIST
462.827 nm	N/A	Be III	emission	1s.4d 3D → 1s.5p 3P*	Measured	NIST
462.827 nm	N/A	Be III	emission	1s.4d 3D → 1s.5p 3P*	Measured	NIST
462.827 nm	N/A	Be III	emission	1s.4d 3D → 1s.5p 3P*	Measured	NIST
462.827 nm	N/A	Be III	emission	1s.4d 3D → 1s.5p 3P*	Measured	NIST
462.827 nm	N/A	Be III	emission	1s.4d 3D → 1s.5p 3P*	Measured	NIST
463.774 nm	N/A	Be III	emission	1s.4d 1D → 1s.5p 3P*	Measured	NIST
463.774 nm	N/A	Be III	emission	1s.4d 1D → 1s.5p 3P*	Measured	NIST
465.722198 nm	N/A	Be IV	emission	5p 2P* → 6d 2D	Measured	NIST
465.730484 nm	N/A	Be IV	emission	5s 2S → 6p 2P*	Measured	NIST
465.792545 nm	N/A	Be IV	emission	5p 2P* → 6s 2S	Measured	NIST
465.805836 nm	N/A	Be IV	emission	5s 2S → 6p 2P*	Measured	NIST
465.827127 nm	N/A	Be IV	emission	5d 2D → 6f 2F*	Measured	NIST
465.827302 nm	N/A	Be IV	emission	5p 2P* → 6d 2D	Measured	NIST
465.85207 nm	N/A	Be IV	emission	5d 2D → 6p 2P*	Measured	NIST
465.852419 nm	N/A	Be IV	emission	5p 2P* → 6d 2D	Measured	NIST
465.857919 nm	N/A	Be IV	emission	5f 2F* → 6g 2G	Measured	NIST
465.857973 nm	N/A	Be IV	emission	5d 2D → 6f 2F*	Measured	NIST
465.870408 nm	N/A	Be IV	emission	5f 2F* → 6d 2D	Measured	NIST
465.870532 nm	N/A	Be IV	emission	5d 2D → 6f 2F*	Measured	NIST
465.872059 nm	N/A	Be IV	emission	5g 2G → 6h 2H*	Measured	NIST
465.872085 nm	N/A	Be IV	emission	5f 2F* → 6g 2G	Measured	NIST
465.879556 nm	N/A	Be IV	emission	5g 2G → 6f 2F*	Measured	NIST
465.879621 nm	N/A	Be IV	emission	5f 2F* → 6g 2G	Measured	NIST
465.8800567 nm	N/A	Be IV	emission	5g 2G → 6h 2H*	Measured	NIST
465.8850804 nm	N/A	Be IV	emission	5g 2G → 6h 2H*	Measured	NIST
465.892111 nm	N/A	Be IV	emission	5f 2F* → 6d 2D	Measured	NIST
465.892116 nm	N/A	Be IV	emission	5g 2G → 6f 2F*	Measured	NIST
465.892578 nm	N/A	Be IV	emission	5g 2G → 6f 2F*	Measured	NIST
465.89548 nm	N/A	Be IV	emission	5d 2D → 6p 2P*	Measured	NIST
465.89553 nm	N/A	Be IV	emission	5f 2F* → 6d 2D	Measured	NIST
465.9228055 nm	N/A	Be IV	emission	5p 2P* → 6s 2S	Measured	NIST
465.927462 nm	N/A	Be IV	emission	5d 2D → 6p 2P*	Measured	NIST
466.346 nm	N/A	Be III	emission	1s.4p 3P* → 1s.5s 3S	Measured	NIST
466.346 nm	N/A	Be III	emission	1s.4p 3P* → 1s.5s 3S	Measured	NIST
466.346 nm	N/A	Be III	emission	1s.4p 3P* → 1s.5s 3S	Measured	NIST
466.37 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s.2p.3d 4P* → 1s.2p.4f 4D	Measured	NIST
466.37 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s.2p.3d 4P* → 1s.2p.4f 4D	Measured	NIST
466.37 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s.2p.3d 4P* → 1s.2p.4f 4D	Measured	NIST
466.37 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s.2p.3d 4P* → 1s.2p.4f 4D	Measured	NIST
466.37 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s.2p.3d 4P* → 1s.2p.4f 4D	Measured	NIST
466.37 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s.2p.3d 4P* → 1s.2p.4f 4D	Measured	NIST
466.37 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s.2p.3d 4P* → 1s.2p.4f 4D	Measured	NIST
466.37 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s.2p.3d 4P* → 1s.2p.4f 4D	Measured	NIST
467.3332 nm	1060	Be II	emission	1s2.3d 2D → 1s2.4f 2F*	Measured	NIST
467.342 nm	1160	Be II	emission	1s2.3d 2D → 1s2.4f 2F*	Measured	NIST
467.345 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s2.3d 2D → 1s2.4f 2F*	Measured	NIST
470.234 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s2.4p 2P* → 1s2.8d 2D	Measured	NIST
470.252 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s2.4p 2P* → 1s2.8d 2D	Measured	NIST
470.252 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s2.4p 2P* → 1s2.8d 2D	Measured	NIST
470.9391 nm	N/A	Be I	emission	1s2.2s.3s 3S → 1s2.2s.8p 3P*	Measured	NIST
470.9394 nm	N/A	Be I	emission	1s2.2s.3s 3S → 1s2.2s.8p 3P*	Measured	NIST
470.9396 nm	N/A	Be I	emission	1s2.2s.3s 3S → 1s2.2s.8p 3P*	Measured	NIST
480.759 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s2.4p 2P* → 1s2.8s 2S	Measured	NIST
480.777 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s2.4p 2P* → 1s2.8s 2S	Measured	NIST
482.799 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s2.3d 2D → 1s2.4p 2P*	Measured	NIST
482.812 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s2.3d 2D → 1s2.4p 2P*	Measured	NIST
482.818 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s2.3d 2D → 1s2.4p 2P*	Measured	NIST
484.9153 nm	N/A	Be I	emission	1s2.2s.3s 3S → 1s2.2s.7p 3P*	Measured	NIST
484.9153 nm	N/A	Be I	emission	1s2.2s.3s 3S → 1s2.2s.7p 3P*	Measured	NIST
484.9156 nm	N/A	Be I	emission	1s2.2s.3s 3S → 1s2.2s.7p 3P*	Measured	NIST
485.233 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s2.4d 2D → 1s2.8f 2F*	Measured	NIST
485.238 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s2.4d 2D → 1s2.8f 2F*	Measured	NIST
485.238 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s2.4d 2D → 1s2.8f 2F*	Measured	NIST
485.6045 nm	N/A	Be I	emission	1s2.2s.2p 3P* → 1s2.2s.2p 1P*	Measured	NIST
485.61897 nm	N/A	Be I	emission	1s2.2s.2p 3P* → 1s2.2s.2p 1P*	Measured	NIST
485.61897 nm	N/A	Be I	emission	1s2.2s.2p 3P* → 1s2.2s.2p 1P*	Measured	NIST
485.6741 nm	N/A	Be I	emission	1s2.2s.2p 3P* → 1s2.2s.2p 1P*	Measured	NIST
485.6741 nm	N/A	Be I	emission	1s2.2s.2p 3P* → 1s2.2s.2p 1P*	Measured	NIST
485.82 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s2.4f 2F* → 1s2.8g 2G	Measured	NIST
485.823 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s2.4f 2F* → 1s2.8g 2G	Measured	NIST
485.823 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s2.4f 2F* → 1s2.8g 2G	Measured	NIST
508.7714 nm	N/A	Be I	emission	1s2.2s.3s 3S → 1s2.2s.6p 3P*	Measured	NIST
508.7714 nm	N/A	Be I	emission	1s2.2s.3s 3S → 1s2.2s.6p 3P*	Measured	NIST
508.7719 nm	N/A	Be I	emission	1s2.2s.3s 3S → 1s2.2s.6p 3P*	Measured	NIST
515.2 nm	N/A	Be III	emission	1s.5d 1D → 1s.7p 1P*	Measured	NIST
515.778 nm	N/A	Be III	emission	1s.5d 3D → 1s.7f 3F*	Measured	NIST
515.778 nm	N/A	Be III	emission	1s.5d 3D → 1s.7f 3F*	Measured	NIST
515.778 nm	N/A	Be III	emission	1s.5d 3D → 1s.7f 3F*	Measured	NIST
515.778 nm	N/A	Be III	emission	1s.5d 3D → 1s.7f 3F*	Measured	NIST
515.778 nm	N/A	Be III	emission	1s.5d 3D → 1s.7f 3F*	Measured	NIST
515.778 nm	N/A	Be III	emission	1s.5d 3D → 1s.7f 3F*	Measured	NIST
516.51 nm	N/A	Be III	emission	1s.5d 1D → 1s.7f 3F*	Measured	NIST
516.51 nm	N/A	Be III	emission	1s.5d 1D → 1s.7f 3F*	Measured	NIST
521.8119 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s2.4p 2P* → 1s2.7d 2D	Measured	NIST
521.834 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s2.4p 2P* → 1s2.7d 2D	Measured	NIST
521.834 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s2.4p 2P* → 1s2.7d 2D	Measured	NIST
525.007 nm	N/A	Be I	emission	1s2.2s.3s 1S → 1s2.2s.9p 1P*	Measured	NIST
525.584 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s2.4s 2S → 1s2.6p 2P*	Measured	NIST
525.59 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s2.4s 2S → 1s2.6p 2P*	Measured	NIST
526.1527 nm	5	Be I	emission	1s2.2s.5p 1P* → 1s2.2p.3p 1P	Measured	NIST
527.027 nm	810	Be II	emission	1s2.3p 2P* → 1s2.4s 2S	Measured	NIST
527.0806 nm	960	Be II	emission	1s2.3p 2P* → 1s2.4s 2S	Measured	NIST
536.552 nm	N/A	Be I	emission	1s2.2s.3s 1S → 1s2.2s.8p 1P*	Measured	NIST
540.299 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s2.4d 2D → 1s2.7f 2F*	Measured	NIST
540.306 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s2.4d 2D → 1s2.7f 2F*	Measured	NIST
540.306 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s2.4d 2D → 1s2.7f 2F*	Measured	NIST
541.018 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s2.4f 2F* → 1s2.7g 2G	Measured	NIST
541.022 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s2.4f 2F* → 1s2.7g 2G	Measured	NIST
541.022 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s2.4f 2F* → 1s2.7g 2G	Measured	NIST
541.612 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s2.4p 2P* → 1s2.7s 2S	Measured	NIST
541.636 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s2.4p 2P* → 1s2.7s 2S	Measured	NIST
544.069 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s2.4d 2D → 1s2.7p 2P*	Measured	NIST
544.073 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s2.4d 2D → 1s2.7p 2P*	Measured	NIST
544.076 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s2.4d 2D → 1s2.7p 2P*	Measured	NIST
554.648 nm	N/A	Be I	emission	1s2.2s.3s 1S → 1s2.2s.7p 1P*	Measured	NIST
555.881 nm	N/A	Be I	emission	1s2.2s.3s 3S → 1s2.2s.5p 3P*	Measured	NIST
555.881 nm	N/A	Be I	emission	1s2.2s.3s 3S → 1s2.2s.5p 3P*	Measured	NIST
555.881 nm	N/A	Be I	emission	1s2.2s.3s 3S → 1s2.2s.5p 3P*	Measured	NIST
585.7012 nm	3	Be I	emission	1s2.2s.3s 1S → 1s2.2s.6p 1P*	Measured	NIST
593.771 nm	N/A	Be I	emission	1s2.2p2 1D → 1s2.2s.9p 1P*	Measured	NIST
608.58 nm	N/A	Be I	emission	1s2.2p2 1D → 1s2.2s.8p 1P*	Measured	NIST
608.6 nm	N/A	Be I	emission	1s2.2p2 1D → 1s2.2s.8p 3P*	Measured	NIST
614.2 nm	N/A	Be III	emission	1s.2s 1S → 1s.2p 1P*	Measured	NIST
622.9108 nm	3	Be I	emission	1s2.2p2 1D → 1s2.2s.7f 1F*	Measured	NIST
627.9418 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s2.4p 2P* → 1s2.6d 2D	Measured	NIST
627.9737 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s2.4p 2P* → 1s2.6d 2D	Measured	NIST
627.9737 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s2.4p 2P* → 1s2.6d 2D	Measured	NIST
631.966 nm	N/A	Be I	emission	1s2.2p2 1D → 1s2.2s.7p 1P*	Measured	NIST
632.145 nm	N/A	Be I	emission	1s2.2p2 1D → 1s2.2s.7p 3P*	Measured	NIST
647.3536 nm	7	Be I	emission	1s2.2s.3s 1S → 1s2.2s.5p 1P*	Measured	NIST
654.784 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s2.4d 2D → 1s2.6f 2F*	Measured	NIST
654.793 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s2.4d 2D → 1s2.6f 2F*	Measured	NIST
654.794 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s2.4d 2D → 1s2.6f 2F*	Measured	NIST
655.833 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s2.4f 2F* → 1s2.6g 2G	Measured	NIST
655.839 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s2.4f 2F* → 1s2.6g 2G	Measured	NIST
655.839 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s2.4f 2F* → 1s2.6g 2G	Measured	NIST
656.4519 nm	9	Be I	emission	1s2.2p2 1D → 1s2.2s.6f 1F*	Measured	NIST
663.633 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s2.4d 2D → 1s2.6p 2P*	Measured	NIST
663.644 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s2.4d 2D → 1s2.6p 2P*	Measured	NIST
663.644 nm	N/A	Be II	emission	1s2.4d 2D → 1s2.6p 2P*	Measured	NIST
671.15 nm	N/A	Be I	emission	1s2.2s.3p 3P* → 1s2.2s.9d 3D	Measured	NIST
671.21 nm	N/A	Be I	emission	1s2.2s.3p 3P* → 1s2.2s.9d 3D	Measured	NIST
671.23 nm	N/A	Be I	emission	1s2.2s.3p 3P* → 1s2.2s.9d 3D	Measured	NIST
671.25 nm	N/A	Be I	emission	1s2.2s.3p 3P* → 1s2.2s.9d 3D	Measured	NIST
671.25 nm	N/A	Be I	emission	1s2.2s.3p 3P* → 1s2.2s.9d 3D	Measured	NIST
671.26 nm	N/A	Be I	emission	1s2.2s.3p 3P* → 1s2.2s.9d 3D	Measured	NIST
672.598 nm	N/A	Be I	emission	1s2.2p2 1D → 1s2.2s.6p 1P*	Measured	NIST
675.675 nm	10	Be II	emission	1s2.4p 2P* → 1s2.6s 2S	Measured	NIST
675.712 nm	110	Be II	emission	1s2.4p 2P* → 1s2.6s 2S	Measured	NIST
678.656 nm	N/A	Be I	emission	1s2.2s.3s 3S → 1s2.2s.4p 3P*	Measured	NIST
678.656 nm	N/A	Be I	emission	1s2.2s.3s 3S → 1s2.2s.4p 3P*	Measured	NIST
678.656 nm	N/A	Be I	emission	1s2.2s.3s 3S → 1s2.2s.4p 3P*	Measured	NIST
688.422 nm	N/A	Be I	emission	1s2.2s.3p 3P* → 1s2.2s.8d 3D	Measured	NIST
688.422 nm	N/A	Be I	emission	1s2.2s.3p 3P* → 1s2.2s.8d 3D	Measured	NIST
688.423 nm	N/A	Be I	emission	1s2.2s.3p 3P* → 1s2.2s.8d 3D	Measured	NIST
688.44 nm	N/A	Be I	emission	1s2.2s.3p 3P* → 1s2.2s.8d 3D	Measured	NIST
688.44 nm	N/A	Be I	emission	1s2.2s.3p 3P* → 1s2.2s.8d 3D	Measured	NIST
688.444 nm	N/A	Be I	emission	1s2.2s.3p 3P* → 1s2.2s.8d 3D	Measured	NIST
698.273 nm	13	Be I	emission	1s2.2s.2p 1P* → 1s2.2p2 1D	Measured	NIST
704.98 nm	N/A	Be I	emission	1s2.2s.3p 3P* → 1s2.2s.8s 3S	Measured	NIST
704.98 nm	N/A	Be I	emission	1s2.2s.3p 3P* → 1s2.2s.8s 3S	Measured	NIST
705 nm	N/A	Be I	emission	1s2.2s.3p 3P* → 1s2.2s.8s 3S	Measured	NIST
715.44 nm	N/A	Be I	emission	1s2.2s.3p 3P* → 1s2.2s.7d 3D	Measured	NIST
715.44 nm	N/A	Be I	emission	1s2.2s.3p 3P* → 1s2.2s.7d 3D	Measured	NIST
715.441 nm	N/A	Be I	emission	1s2.2s.3p 3P* → 1s2.2s.7d 3D	Measured	NIST
715.459 nm	N/A	Be I	emission	1s2.2s.3p 3P* → 1s2.2s.7d 3D	Measured	NIST
715.46 nm	N/A	Be I	emission	1s2.2s.3p 3P* → 1s2.2s.7d 3D	Measured	NIST
715.465 nm	N/A	Be I	emission	1s2.2s.3p 3P* → 1s2.2s.7d 3D	Measured	NIST
720.9132 nm	13	Be I	emission	1s2.2p2 1D → 1s2.2s.5f 1F*	Measured	NIST
720.928 nm	N/A	Be I	emission	1s2.2p2 1D → 1s2.2s.5f 3F*	Measured	NIST
730.819 nm	N/A	Be I	emission	1s2.2s.3p 1P* → 1s2.2s.9d 1D	Measured	NIST
740.1196 nm	210	Be II	emission	1s2.4s 2S → 1s2.5p 2P*	Measured	NIST
740.1431 nm	110	Be II	emission	1s2.4s 2S → 1s2.5p 2P*	Measured	NIST
743.44 nm	N/A	Be I	emission	1s2.2s.3p 3P* → 1s2.2s.7s 3S	Measured	NIST
743.44 nm	N/A	Be I	emission	1s2.2s.3p 3P* → 1s2.2s.7s 3S	Measured	NIST
743.46 nm	N/A	Be I	emission	1s2.2s.3p 3P* → 1s2.2s.7s 3S	Measured	NIST
744.887 nm	N/A	Be I	emission	1s2.2s.3p 1P* → 1s2.2s.9s 1S	Measured	NIST
749.842 nm	N/A	Be I	emission	1s2.2s.3p 1P* → 1s2.2s.8d 1D	Measured	NIST

Extended Properties

Covalent Radii (Extended)

Covalent radius (Pyykkö)

Covalent radius (Pyykkö, double)

Covalent radius (Pyykkö, triple)

Covalent radius (Bragg)

Van der Waals Radii

Truhlar

Batsanov

Alvarez

UFF

MM3

Atomic & Metallic Radii

Atomic radius (Rahm)

Metallic radius (C12)

Numbering Scales

Mendeleev

Pettifor

Glawe

Electronegativity Scales

Ghosh

Miedema

Gunnarsson–Lundqvist

Robles–Bartolotti

Polarizability & Dispersion

Dipole polarizability

Dipole polarizability (unc.)

C₆

C₆ (Gould–Bučko)

Miedema Parameters

Miedema molar volume

Miedema electron density

Supply Risk & Economics

Production concentration

Relative supply risk

Political stability (top producer)

Phase Transitions & Allotropes

Melting point	1560.15 K
Boiling point	2741.15 K
Critical point (temperature)	5205.15 K

Oxidation State Categories

0 extended

+2 main

+1 extended

Advanced Reference Data

Screening Constants (2)

n	Orbital	σ
1	s	0.3152
2	s	2.088

Crystal Radii Detail (3)

Charge	CN	r_crystal (pm)	Origin
2	III	30
2	IV	41
2	VI	59	calculated,

Isotope Decay Modes (19)

Isotope	Mode	Intensity
5	p	—
6	2p	100%
7	EC	100%
8	A	100%
10	B-	100%
11	B-	100%
11	B-A	3.3%
11	B-p	0%
11	B-n	—
12	B-	100%

X‑ray Scattering Factors (724)

Energy (eV)	f₁	f₂
10	—	1.70333
10.1617	—	1.71802
10.3261	—	1.73284
10.4931	—	1.74778
10.6628	—	1.75737
10.8353	—	1.76678
11.0105	—	1.77624
11.1886	—	1.78574
11.3696	—	1.7953
11.5535	—	1.80306

Additional Data

Estimated Crustal Abundance

The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.

2.8 milligrams per kilogram

References (1)

[5] Beryllium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele004.html

Estimated Oceanic Abundance

The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.

5.6×10-6 milligrams per liter

References (1)

[5] Beryllium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele004.html

Sources

Sources of this element.

Beryllium is found in some 30 mineral species, the most important of which are bertrandite, beryl, chrysoberyl, and phenacite. Aquamarine and emerald are precious forms of beryl. Beryl and bertrandite are the most important commercial sources of the element and its compounds. Most of the metal is now prepared by reducing beryllium fluoride with magnesium metal. Beryllium metal did not become readily available to industry until 1957.

References (1)

[6] Beryllium https://periodic.lanl.gov/4.shtml

References

(9)

1 PubChem

Data deposited in or computed by PubChem

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2 Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.

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3 IUPAC Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW)

Beryllium

Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.

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4 IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements and Isotopes (IPTEI)

The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.

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License note: Copyright (c) 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) contribution within Pubchem is provided under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license, unless otherwise stated.

5 Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy

Beryllium

Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/

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License note: Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html

6 Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy

Beryllium

The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.

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7 NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory

Beryllium

The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database

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8 PubChem Elements

Beryllium

This section provides all form of data related to element Beryllium.

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9 PubChem Elements

Beryllium

The element property data was retrieved from publications.

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Last updated: May 1, 2026

Data verified: May 12, 2026

Content is reviewed against latest scientific data.