Mn 25

Manganese (Mn)

transition-metal

Period: 4 Group: 7 Block: s

Solid

Standard Atomic Weight

Electron configuration

[Ar] 4s² 3d⁵

Melting point

1245.85 °C (1519 K)

Boiling point

2060.85 °C (2334 K)

Density

7300 kg/m³

Oxidation states

−3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7

Electronegativity (Pauling)

1.55

Ionization energy (1st)

Discovery year

1774

Atomic radius

140 pm

Details

Name origin Latin: magnes (magnet); Italian: manganese.

Discovery country Sweden

Discoverers Johann Gahn

Manganese is a hard, brittle first-row transition metal and an essential alloying element in steelmaking. It occurs in nature mainly as oxides, carbonates, and silicates rather than as the free metal. Its chemistry is notable for accessible oxidation states from +2 to +7, with strong colors and redox behavior. Small biological amounts are essential, especially in enzymes, but concentrated manganese compounds and dusts can be hazardous.

It is gray-white, resembling iron, but is harder and very brittle. The metal is reactive chemically and decomposes slowly in cold water. Manganese is used to form many important alloys. Manganese improves rolling and forging qualities in steel, along with adding strength, stiffness, wear resistance, hardness.

With aluminum and antimony, and especially with small amounts of copper, it forms highly ferromagnetic alloys.

Manganese metal is ferromagnetic only after special treatment. The pure metal exists in four allotropic forms. The alpha form is stable at ordinary temperature; gamma manganese, which changes to alpha at ordinary temperatures, is said to be flexible, soft, easily cut, and capable of being bent.

The name derives from the Latin magnes for "magnet" since pyrolusite (MnO2) has magnetic properties. It was discovered by the Swedish pharmacist and chemist Carl-Wilhelm Scheele in 1774. In the same year, the Swedish chemist Johan Gottlieb Gahn first isolated the metal.

Proposed to be an element by Carl Wilhelm Scheele in 1774, manganese was discovered by Johan Gottlieb Gahn, a Swedish chemist, by heating the mineral pyrolusite (MnO2) in the presence of charcoal later that year. Today, most manganese is still obtained from pyrolusite, although it is usually burned in a furnace with powdered aluminum or is treated with sulfuric acid (H2SO4) to form manganese sulfate (MnSO4), which is then electrolyzed.

From the Latin word magnes, magnet, from magnetic properties of pyrolusite. Recognized by Carl Wilhelm Scheele, Torbern Olof Bergman, and others as an element and isolated by Gahn in 1774 by reduction of the dioxide with carbon.

Read about Manganese on Wikipedia

Images

Properties

Physical

Atomic radius (empirical) 140 pm

Covalent radius 139 pm

Van der Waals radius 197 pm

Metallic radius 118 pm

Density

Molar volume 0.00739 L/mol

Phase at STP solid

Melting point 1245.85 °C

Boiling point 2060.85 °C

Specific heat capacity 0.479 J/(g·K)

Molar heat capacity 26.32 J/(mol·K)

Crystal structure cubic

Chemical

Electronegativity (Pauling) 1.55

Electronegativity (Allen) 1.75

Electron affinity

Ionization energy (1st)

Ionization energy (2nd)

Ionization energy (3rd)

Ionization energy (4th)

Ionization energy (5th)

Oxidation states −3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7

Valence electrons 7

Electron configuration

Electron configuration (semantic)

Thermodynamic

Critical point (temperature) 4052 °C

Heat of fusion 0.13680883 eV

Heat of vaporization 2.331969 eV

Heat of sublimation 2.914443 eV

Heat of atomization 2.914443 eV

Atomization enthalpy

Nuclear

Stable isotopes 1

Discovery year 1774

Abundance

Abundance (Earth's crust) 950 mg/kg

Abundance (ocean)

Reactivity

N/A

Crystal Structure

Lattice constant a 889 pm

Electronic Structure

Electrons per shell 2, 8, 13, 2

Identifiers

CAS number 7439-96-5

Term symbol

InChI InChI=1S/Mn

InChI Key PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Electron Configuration Measured

Ion charge

Protons 25

Electrons 25

Charge Neutral

Configuration Mn: 3d⁵ 4s²

[Ar] 3d⁵ 4s²

1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d⁵ 4s²

Orbital diagram

↑↓

2/2

↑↓

2/2

↑↓

6/6

↑↓

2/2

↑↓

6/6

↑↓

2/2

↑

5/10 5↑

Total electrons: 25 Unpaired: 5

Atomic model

Protons 25

Neutrons 30

Electrons 25

Mass number 55

Stability Stable

Isotopes change neutron count, mass, and stability — not the electron configuration of a neutral atom.

Schematic atomic model, not to scale.

Atomic Fingerprint

Emission / Absorption Spectrum

Emission Visible: 380–750 nm

Isotope Distribution

Mass number	Atomic mass (u)	Natural abundance	Half-life
55 Stable	54.93804391 ± 0.00000048	100.0000%	Stable

Measured

Phase / State

Solid 25 °C (298.15 K)

Reason: 1220.8 °C below melting point (1245.85 °C)

Melting point 1245.85 °C

Boiling point 2060.85 °C

Below melting by 1220.8 °C

0 K Current temperature: 25 °C 6000 K

Phase timeline

Schematic, not to scale

Solid

Liquid

Gas

Melting

Boiling

25°C

Solid

Liquid

Gas

Current

Phase transition points

Melting point Literature

1245.85 °C

Boiling point Literature

2060.85 °C

Current phase Calculated
Solid

Transition energies

Heat of fusion Literature

0.13680883 eV

Energy required to melt 1 mol at melting point

Heat of vaporization Literature

2.331969 eV

Energy required to vaporize 1 mol at boiling point

Heat of sublimation Literature

2.914443 eV

Energy required to sublime 1 mol at sublimation point

Density

Reference density Literature

7300 kg/m³

At standard conditions

Current density Calculated

7300 kg/m³

At standard conditions

Advanced

Critical point Literature

4052 °C

Atomic Spectra

Showing 10 of 25 Atomic Spectra. Sorted by ion charge (ascending).

Lines Holdings ?

Ion	Charge	Total lines	Transition probabilities	Level designations
Mn I	0	631	499	499
Mn II	+1	3975	844	3781
Mn III	+2	86	0	0
Mn IV	+3	50	0	0
Mn V	+4	136	112	112
Mn VI	+5	286	97	284
Mn VII	+6	57	26	57
Mn VIII	+7	49	3	49
Mn IX	+8	43	9	43
Mn X	+9	57	18	57

NIST Lines Holdings →

Levels Holdings ?

Ion	Charge	Levels
Mn I	0	552
Mn II	+1	533
Mn III	+2	393
Mn IV	+3	104
Mn V	+4	85
Mn VI	+5	116
Mn VII	+6	46
Mn VIII	+7	32
Mn IX	+8	38
Mn X	+9	46

NIST Levels Holdings →

25 Mn 54.938044

Manganese — Atomic Orbital Visualizer

[Ar]4s23d5

Energy levels 2 8 13 2

Oxidation states -3, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7

HOMO 3d n=3 · l=2 · m=-2

Manganese — Atomic Orbital Visualizer Preview

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25 Mn 54.938044

Manganese — Crystal Structure Visualizer

Primitive Cubic · Pearson cP1

Experimental

Pearson cP1

Coord. № 6

Packing 52.000%

Manganese — Crystal Structure Visualizer Preview

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Ionic Radii

Showing 10 of 15 Ionic Radii.

Charge	Coordination	Spin	Radius
+2	4	high	66 pm
+2	5	high	75 pm
+2	6	low	67 pm
+2	6	high	83 pm
+2	7	high	90 pm
+2	8	N/A	96 pm
+3	5	N/A	57.99999999999999 pm
+3	6	low	57.99999999999999 pm
+3	6	high	64.5 pm
+4	4	N/A	39 pm

Compounds

54.938 u

Mn+2

54.938 u

Mn+3

54.938 u

53.940 u

55.939 u

51.946 u

52.941 u

50.948 u

54.938 u

56.938 u

Mn+2

51.946 u

Isotopes (1)

	Mass number	Atomic mass (u)	Natural abundance	Half-life	Decay mode
	55 Stable	54.93804391 ± 0.00000048	100.0000%	Stable	stable

55 Stable

Atomic mass (u) 54.93804391 ± 0.00000048

Natural abundance 100.0000%

Half-life Stable

Decay mode

stable

Spectral Lines

Showing 50 of 694 Spectral Lines. Only spectral lines with measured intensity are shown by default.

Wavelength (nm)	Intensity	Ion stage	Type	Transition	Accuracy	Source
403.0753 nm	27000	Mn I	emission	3d5.4s2 a 6S → 3d5.(6S).4s.4p.(3P) z 6P	Measured	NIST
403.3062 nm	19000	Mn I	emission	3d5.4s2 a 6S → 3d5.(6S).4s.4p.(3P) z 6P	Measured	NIST
403.4483 nm	11000	Mn I	emission	3d5.4s2 a 6S → 3d5.(6S).4s.4p.(3P) z 6P	Measured	NIST
404.1355 nm	5600	Mn I	emission	3d6.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 6D*	Measured	NIST
380.6711 nm	3200	Mn I	emission	3d6.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 6F*	Measured	NIST
382.3507 nm	2100	Mn I	emission	3d6.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 6F*	Measured	NIST
405.5544 nm	1900	Mn I	emission	3d6.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 6D*	Measured	NIST
401.81 nm	1500	Mn I	emission	3d6.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 6D*	Measured	NIST
383.4362 nm	1300	Mn I	emission	3d6.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 6F*	Measured	NIST
404.8743 nm	1100	Mn I	emission	3d6.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 6D*	Measured	NIST
405.893 nm	1100	Mn I	emission	3d6.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 6D*	Measured	NIST
408.2939 nm	1100	Mn I	emission	3d6.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 6D*	Measured	NIST
408.3628 nm	1100	Mn I	emission	3d6.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 6D*	Measured	NIST
475.4042 nm	1000	Mn I	emission	3d5.(6S).4s.4p.(3P) z 8P → 3d5.4s.(7S).5s e 8S	Measured	NIST
482.3524 nm	1000	Mn I	emission	3d5.(6S).4s.4p.(3P) z 8P → 3d5.4s.(7S).5s e 8S	Measured	NIST
478.3427 nm	940	Mn I	emission	3d5.(6S).4s.4p.(3P) z 8P → 3d5.4s.(7S).5s e 8S	Measured	NIST
445.1586 nm	800	Mn I	emission	3d6.(5D).4s a 4D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 4D*	Measured	NIST
476.2367 nm	750	Mn I	emission	3d6.(5D).4s a 4D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 4F*	Measured	NIST
406.173 nm	730	Mn I	emission	3d5.(6S).4s.4p.(3P) z 6P → 3d5.4s.(5S).5s f 6S	Measured	NIST
406.3528 nm	730	Mn I	emission	3d6.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 6D*	Measured	NIST
407.9412 nm	730	Mn I	emission	3d6.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 6D*	Measured	NIST
380.9592 nm	700	Mn I	emission	3d6.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 6F*	Measured	NIST
384.1071 nm	670	Mn I	emission	3d6.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 6F*	Measured	NIST
446.2031 nm	510	Mn I	emission	3d5.(6S).4s.4p.(3P) z 6P → 3d5.4s.(7S).4d e 6D	Measured	NIST
432.6643 nm	500	Mn II	emission	3d5.(4F).4s a 5F → 3d5.(4G).4p z 5F*	Measured	NIST
434.3983 nm	500	Mn II	emission	3d5.(4F).4s a 5F → 3d5.(4G).4p z 5F*	Measured	NIST
476.6418 nm	500	Mn I	emission	3d6.(5D).4s a 4D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 4F*	Measured	NIST
383.3861 nm	480	Mn I	emission	3d6.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 6F*	Measured	NIST
382.3887 nm	390	Mn I	emission	3d6.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 6F*	Measured	NIST
423.5295 nm	370	Mn I	emission	3d6.(5D).4s a 4D → 3d6.(5D).4p y 4P*	Measured	NIST
383.9819 nm	350	Mn I	emission	3d6.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 6F*	Measured	NIST
384.3984 nm	350	Mn I	emission	3d6.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 6F*	Measured	NIST
441.489 nm	350	Mn I	emission	3d6.(5D).4s a 4D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 4D*	Measured	NIST
476.5846 nm	300	Mn I	emission	3d6.(5D).4s a 4D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 4F*	Measured	NIST
407.0278 nm	290	Mn I	emission	3d6.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 6D*	Measured	NIST
425.7669 nm	290	Mn I	emission	3d6.(5D).4s a 4D → 3d6.(5D).4p y 4P*	Measured	NIST
426.5923 nm	290	Mn I	emission	3d6.(5D).4s a 4D → 3d6.(5D).4p y 4P*	Measured	NIST
446.4682 nm	290	Mn I	emission	3d6.(5D).4s a 4D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 4D*	Measured	NIST
602.182 nm	290	Mn I	emission	3d5.(6S).4s.4p.(3P) z 6P → 3d5.4s.(7S).5s e 6S	Measured	NIST
428.1097 nm	270	Mn I	emission	3d6.(5D).4s a 4D → 3d6.(5D).4p y 4P*	Measured	NIST
445.8254 nm	270	Mn I	emission	3d5.(6S).4s.4p.(3P) z 6P → 3d5.4s.(7S).4d e 6D	Measured	NIST
449.8902 nm	240	Mn I	emission	3d6.(5D).4s a 4D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 4D*	Measured	NIST
450.2213 nm	240	Mn I	emission	3d6.(5D).4s a 4D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 4D*	Measured	NIST
443.6357 nm	210	Mn I	emission	3d6.(5D).4s a 4D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 4D*	Measured	NIST
445.7549 nm	210	Mn I	emission	3d5.(6S).4s.4p.(3P) z 6P → 3d5.4s.(7S).4d e 6D	Measured	NIST
382.9718 nm	200	Mn I	emission	3d6.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 6F*	Measured	NIST
384.4166 nm	200	Mn II	emission	3d5.(2F).4s b 3F → 3d5.(4G).4p z 3G*	Measured	NIST
420.63677 nm	200	Mn II	emission	3d5.(4F).4s a 5F → 3d5.(4P).4p z 5D*	Measured	NIST
429.22329 nm	200	Mn II	emission	3d5.(2D).4s c 3D → 3d5.(4G).4p z 5F*	Measured	NIST
434.83962 nm	200	Mn II	emission	3d5.(4F).4s a 5F → 3d5.(4G).4p z 5F*	Measured	NIST

Extended Properties

Covalent Radii (Extended)

Covalent radius (Pyykkö)

Covalent radius (Pyykkö, double)

Covalent radius (Pyykkö, triple)

Covalent radius (Bragg)

Van der Waals Radii

Batsanov

Alvarez

UFF

MM3

Atomic & Metallic Radii

Atomic radius (Rahm)

Metallic radius (C12)

Numbering Scales

Mendeleev

Pettifor

Glawe

Electronegativity Scales

Ghosh

Miedema

Gunnarsson–Lundqvist

Robles–Bartolotti

Polarizability & Dispersion

Dipole polarizability

Dipole polarizability (unc.)

C₆

C₆ (Gould–Bučko)

Chemical Affinity

Proton affinity

Gas basicity

Miedema Parameters

Miedema molar volume

Miedema electron density

Supply Risk & Economics

Production concentration

Relative supply risk

Reserve distribution

Political stability (top producer)

Political stability (top reserve)

Phase Transitions & Allotropes

Melting point	1519.15 K
Boiling point	2334.15 K
Critical point (temperature)	4325.15 K

Oxidation State Categories

+6 extended

+4 main

−3 extended

0 extended

+5 extended

+2 main

+1 extended

+3 extended

+7 main

−1 extended

Advanced Reference Data

Screening Constants (7)

n	Orbital	σ
1	s	0.6043
2	p	3.916
2	s	7.2062
3	d	14.4718
3	p	12.8908
3	s	11.9821
4	s	19.7168

Crystal Radii Detail (15)

Charge	CN	Spin	r_crystal (pm)	Origin
2	IV	HS	80
2	V	HS	89	calculated,
2	VI	LS	81	estimated,
2	VI	HS	97	from r^3 vs V plots,
2	VII	HS	104	calculated,
2	VIII		110	from r^3 vs V plots,
3	V		72
3	VI	LS	72	from r^3 vs V plots,
3	VI	HS	78.5	from r^3 vs V plots,
4	IV		53	from r^3 vs V plots,

Isotope Decay Modes (57)

Isotope	Mode	Intensity
43	p	—
44	p	—
45	p	—
46	B+	100%
46	B+p	57%
46	2p	18%
46	B+A	—
47	B+	100%
47	B+p	1.7%
48	B+	100%

X‑ray Scattering Factors (504)

Energy (eV)	f₁	f₂
10	—	1.8899
10.1617	—	1.92644
10.3261	—	1.96368
10.4931	—	2.00165
10.6628	—	2.04035
10.8353	—	2.0798
11.0106	—	2.12001
11.1886	—	2.161
11.3696	—	2.20278
11.5535	—	2.24537

Additional Data

Estimated Crustal Abundance

The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.

9.50×102 milligrams per kilogram

References (1)

[5] Manganese https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele025.html

Estimated Oceanic Abundance

The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.

2×10-4 milligrams per liter

References (1)

[5] Manganese https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele025.html

Sources

Sources of this element.

Manganese minerals are widely distributed, with oxides, silicates, and carbonates being the most common. Large quantities of manganese nodules are found on the ocean floor and may become a source of manganese. These nodules contain about 24% manganese, together with many other elements in lesser abundance.

Most manganese today is obtained from ores found in Russia, Brazil, Australia, South Africa, Gabon, and India. Pyrolusite and rhodochrosite are among the most common manganese minerals. The metal is obtained by reduction of the oxide with sodium, magnesium, aluminum, or by electrolysis.

References (1)

[6] Manganese https://periodic.lanl.gov/25.shtml

References

(9)

1 PubChem

Data deposited in or computed by PubChem

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2 Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.

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3 IUPAC Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW)

Manganese

Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.

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4 IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements and Isotopes (IPTEI)

The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.

Visit source License

License note: Copyright (c) 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) contribution within Pubchem is provided under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license, unless otherwise stated.

5 Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy

Manganese

Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/

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License note: Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html

6 Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy

Manganese

The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.

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7 NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory

Manganese

The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database

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8 PubChem Elements

Manganese

This section provides all form of data related to element Manganese.

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9 PubChem Elements

Manganese

The element property data was retrieved from publications.

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Last updated: May 1, 2026

Data verified: May 12, 2026

Content is reviewed against latest scientific data.